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CMD Glossary
File
specification:
1. First part is a file name (dos 8.3) (windows 255.3, called
LFN – long file names)
2. Second part is a file extension
There
are two major file types:
1. Data files
2. Program files
What
happens when Windows 2000 boots:
1. Bios reads MBR in to the memory from the active partition
2. MBR looks for the system partition information
3. Windows 2000 partition boot sector, reads the file system to
find the bootstrap loader (ntldr-NT loader)
4. NTLDR uses another boot file, BOOT.INI (identifies location
of OS, or give a choice if a multiple OS are installed)
5. NTLDR next executives NTDETECT.COM. (checks the hardware)
6. Then the core components of OS are loaded such as
7. NTOSKRNEL.EXE (kernel)
8. HAL.DLL (hardware abstraction Layer
9. Lastly OS subsystem starts WINLOGON.EXE (user name and password)
There
are two OS Commands:
1. internal (when system boots, they are build in to the CMD)
2. external (stored on HD) the name is reserved for group of programs
that perform OS functions
Command
Syntax – is a word order, and punctuation of commands
used to communicate with a computer.
Parameter
– is information you can use to modify or qualify a command.
Variable
Parameters – Same rule but user has to supply the
value ( x+y=z )
Fixed
Parameter – called Switch ( x+5=z) x
is variable parameter and 5 is fixed parameter,
because can’t change it.
“
/ “ – The Slash
“ \ ” – The Backslash
Designated
drive or logged drive – prompt displayed on the
screen
Redirection
– allow you to tell the operating system to write information
somewhere else
Primary
Partition – is a section of a HD. There can be
only 4 primary partitions on HD. Only one Primary Partition can
be designated as the Extended Partition
Extended
Partition – can contain logical drives (volumes)
Partition
Table – First physical section of HD where it tells
where each partition begins and ends.
Active
Partition – The only partition you can boot from.
Formatting
– Initializing the disk. Making it ready for use by OS consists
of two parts:
1.
Low-level or physical formatting:
Creates and sequentially numbers tracks and sectors for id purposes
2.
High-level or logical formatting:
The OS creates a file system on a disk si it can keep track
of the location of the location of the files
\File
System – Organization Scheme. OS uses file systems
(FAT. NTFS ITD)
FAT
– File Allocation Table (a map of disk's data clusters)
NTFS
– New Technology File System
CDFS
– Compact Disc File System
UDF
– Universal Disk Format
Tracks – are concentric circles on a disk
Sectors
– are smallest unit on a disk (512bytes)
Clusters
– (allocation units) are combined one or more sectors
Cluster
Overhang – wasted space on your disk
MBR – Master Boot Record is a mechanism
required to find a hard disk and launch any necessary code to
load drivers located on the boot record and it’s located
on the first physical sector of the disk. (No such a thing on
a floppy)
Boot Sector – it's the first sector on
every logical drive that contains a short program called bootstrap
loader
Bootstrap
loader – load OS copping necessary system files
from the disk into memory.
When HD is formatted
using FAT three critical elements are created on the first portion
of HD: (responsible for control of storing and retrieving files)
* Boot Record
* FAT (two copies) it occupies as many sectors as it needs to
map the disk
* Root Directory
FAT12
– Used only on floppy disks.
FAT16
– Based on 16-bit allocation table entries
VFAT
– Virtual File Allocation Table is a virtual 32bit Fat with
reserved area for long file names. It can maintain maximum of
65, 536 cluster = 2.1G
FAT32
- Based on 32-bit file allocation table entries. It can support
up to 2 terabytes. It also uses smaller cluster than FAT and is
for drivers over 512 MB. It allows a moveable root directory.
The ability to use the back up of FAT. Fat32 also impose restriction
on the number of entries (over 64,000) but, does not restrict
users as the 512 file limit did.
EOF
– End Of File marker indicates when there is no more data
in the file. Clusters 2,3,4,5,EOF
NTFS
– (Security, performance, efficiency) uses special file
called MFT instead FAT.
MFT
– Master File Table is really database file of all the files
on the system. The first 16 records, called metadata files, contain
info about volume and are considered as an overhead of maintaining
the file system. Data up to 750bytes can feat in MFT, what predicts
fragmentation, but if it does not fit in MFT record, NTFS stores
it a new, separate sets of clusters called a run or an extend.
Resident
attribute – attribute stored in MFT
Non
Resident attribute – attribute forced out to an
extent
Folders are
treated much as files are in NTFS:
Index Root attributes – directories stored
on MFT
Index
Buffer – extend with a non resident attribute
Freeware
– is software that is in public domain
Shareware
– is a trial version of a program
.com,
.exe and .bat – are execute extensions
Absolute
path – always absolutely correct path
Metastrings
– in command prompt they are special characters that mean
specific things.
Prompt
hello$G – changes prompt to hello
Prompt
– comes back to regular prompt
Extensions:
com – command file
exe – executable file
bat – batch file
cmd – command script file
vb – VBScript file (Visual Basic)
vbe – VBScript Encoded Script file (Visual Basic)
js – Jscript file (Java Script)
jse – Jscript Encoded Script file (Java Script)
wsf – Windows Script file
wsh – Windows Script Host Settings file
dll – dynamic link library
LFNs
– Long File Names. When copy the LFSs with a spacer
in their file name you need to enclose the entire files in quotes
On FAT16
– the directory entry has room for only 224 files
ASCII
– askiee files are text files called also unformatted text
files
LPT1
– Line printer 1
Each file in
the directory has attributes (called flags) which includes whether
or not a file is a system file (S), a hidden file (H), a read
only file (R), or an archived file (A).
Archive
attribute – is used to indicate the backup history
(archive status of a file)
Virtual
drive – is know as a logical drive
Batch
files – macros
Lost
files – when chain is broken, example: improper
shutdown
Orphaned
file – is one that has an entry in the MFT but
is not listed in any directory
Cross-linked
files – are two files that claim the same cluster
in the FAT
Contiguous
file – each part of each file follows on the disk
Noncontiguous
or fragmented – each part of each file does not
follow on the disk
I/O
redirection – means that you tell the OS you want
information read from or written to a device other than the standard
ones.
>>b - when you want to append to the end of an existing
file
CMD
/X – enables extensions (more featured and richer
shell)
CMD
/y – displays shell extensions
Bath
file – is a text file that contains a series of
commands stored in the order the user wants them carried out.
.Com
– command files
.LOG
– Ceaps a log
%SYSTEMROOT%
- is an environmental variable that represents the location of
the windows operating system files.
Start
– it starts a foo in edit
Parameters
– give the command additional instructions on what to do.
Replaceable
Parameter – Type Foo.* (foo -s replaceable parameter
of type command)
Dummy, substitute, positional parameters - are used in batch files
Parse
– is to analyze something in an orderly way. In computer
language is to divide statement into parts that can be made useful
for the computer.
%
– is a signal for the OS that the parameter is coming from
0-9
A generic
batch file – when execute it, you supply the specific
parameters or file name that interests you.
Replaceable
parameters – are percent signs followed by the
numbers
Batch
processing – means running a series of instructions
without interruption
Placing REM
in front of a command will allow you to execute a batch file or
config.sys file without execution the command that follows it
Pause will not stop execution of an exe or com program
@Echo
OFF - will not appear on the screen
(::)
- instead Rem is better because is not proceeded as a command
(:)
- treats all lines beginning with a colon as a label and ignores
them
NUL
– when redirecting to NUL it goes nowhere
ECHO.
- Blank space in batch file
Loop
– is an operation that will repeat steps until you stop
the loop either by using IF statement or by breaking into batch
file with Ctrl + C
EOF
– End-of-file mark, same as Ctrl + Z is left on the end
of the file when copied.
Compiling a program – means turn the programming language
program (source code) into executable code (object code).
DEBUG
– Is an OS utility program that allows testing and debugging
executable files (.com, .exe). It has its own commands and syntax.
ENVIRONMENT
– is, in essence, an area in memory where data can be stored.
EXPRESSION
- is any legal combination of symbols that represents
a value
ENVIRONMENT
VARIABLE – is a name assigned to a string (value)
of data
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